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Medical GlossaryAdrenal Medulla Produces epinephrine (adrenal). The central area of the adrenal gland. Aldosterone Major mineral regulatory hormone produced in the first layer of the adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa. Amnion The membrane enveloping the fetus Amoeba A protozoa (microscopic organism) that may cause disease of the intestinal tract. Amputation The removal of a limb or other appendage or outgrowth of the body Amyloidosis A condition seen in dogs and cats when a deposit of extracellular protein-like substance develops in the kidney Anaerobe An organism that grows without oxygen Analgesic Describing a substance that helps reduce pain and nausea Anaphylaxis Allergic reaction to a substance that may cause life-threatening respiratory distress, followed by collapse of blood pressure and shock Anastomosis A connection or opening created by surgical, traumatic or pathological means between two normally separate spaces or organs Androgen A substance producing male features Anemia Relates to a reduced amount of red blood cells in whole blood Anesthesia The administering of a substance (fluid, gas, etc.) to reduce sensitivity; used on or in the body to allow for invasive procedures that may allow for surgical intervention. Aneurysm An abnormal enlargement of a blood vessel Angina A pain on the left side of the chest and/or leg Anorectic Appetite loss. Can apply to animals that haven’t eaten in one or more days or weeks. Anthelmintic Describing a substance that is destructive to worms Antibody A specific substance produced by immune cells in the body to protect against foreign organism. Anticoagulant A substance to stop the blood from clumping or clotting Antigen A foreign protein that may elicit a specific antibody production. Antipruritic A substance to stop irritation and itching. Antiseptic A substance that helps reduce the spread of organisms. Anus The terminal opening of the digestion tract. Aplasia The lack of development of tissues or organs in the body. Commonly seen in young canine kidneys. Arteritis Irritation of an artery. Arthritis It is common for aging cats and dogs to suffer from painful joints, which happens from normal wear and tear. Arthritis is a degenerative joint disease that is also called osteoarthritis. Asepsis A sterile area of tissue. Aspirator A machine that removes fluid and air from a body cavity. Asthma Asthma is a more frequent feline ailment than canine. It’s a condition in which the airways leading to the lungs become inflamed and spastic. This causes excessive amounts of mucus to build up. Ataxia A loss of muscle control that leads to swaying, staggering. Atelectasis The inability of a lung to expand normally. Atrophy The unhealthy reduction or diminishing of tissue. For example, reduced muscle size. May be indicated by enhanced protrusions of boney prominences. Autoimmune A disorder when the body has a specific antibody or immune response that rejects the body’s own red blood cells. Avascular A reduction or complete loss of blood flow to a tissue or organ. Azotemia An excessive amount of nitrogenous waste products in the blood. Azoturia An excessive amount of nitrogenous waste products in the urine. Bile A substance produced in the liver that is excreted into the first part of small Intestine. Bilirubin Pigment production from the breakdown of red blood cells. This product circulates in plasma and may be excreted in urine. Biopsy A sample of tissue taken for identification of medical problems. Bladder stones A rock-like structure that develops in the bladder. Signs include difficult urination, urinating in abnormal places, or urinating with blood. Blastomyces A form of fungus that may cause disease in the body. Bordetella Commonly known as Kennel Cough, Bordetella bronchiseptica is the name of the specific germ that causes an infection and subsequent inflammation of the trachea (wind-pipe) and bronchi. Botulism A toxin produced by a bacteria that causes vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle weakness. Bradycardia Slow heart rate. Bronchiospasm Closing of the bronchia due to muscle spasm. Bruit An abnormal sound heard with a stethoscope. Bulla A large fluid or air-filled cyst. Bursa A fluid-filled sac usually occurring over a joint to help with mobility. Calcinosis Abnormal deposits of calcium compounds, usually referring to the skin. Calculus A deposit of minerals, like calcium in the tissue of the body. Calix A moon-shaped organ or cavity occurring in the body. Canal A tunnel-like passage in the body. Cancer Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of cells inside or on the body. It’s not uncommon in pets and appears in dogs with about the same frequency as people. Veterinary oncologists specialize in cancer. Capillary A small vessel that connects arteries to veins. Carcinoma A malignant growth made up of epithelial cells that tend to invade other tissues and spread (i.e., cancer). Cartilage A gristly connective tissue attached to bones, found in juvenile and adult patients. Castration Surgically removing the testicles. Reasons for castration include hypersexual activity, chronic prostatitis, testicular tumors and tumors. This procedure should not be done without a reason. A vasectomy is safer in a normal male. Cataract An opacity of the lens of the eye. Catarrh Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract causing abnormal mucous secretions. Catheter A tubular instrument placed into various cavities and organs of the body. Catheterize Procedure to chemically or electronically alter tissue functioning.
Caustic Describing a substance that can cause damage to tissue. Chemotherapy Chemical treatment to alter specific disease processes. Cherry Eye Enlargement of the small lymph nodes in the inside cornea of the eye. Chondroitin Sulfate A glucosamine substance that occurs in cartilage, bone, blood. Chorioretinitis Inflammation or irritation of the choroids retinal structure. Chymopapain A digestive enzyme that occurs in papaya. Cirrhosis Relates to the scarring of tissue and reduction in size of liver cells. Coccidia A type of common ‘protozoa-like’ organism living in the small intestine often causing bloody diarrhea. Colitis An inflammation or irritation of the large bowel (colon). Conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis refers to an inflammation of the eyelid’s lining of the eyelid. The signs of conjunctivitis are red, swollen lid tissue and itchy, water eyes. The most common cause of conjunctivitis are airborne pollens. Constipation Constipation in dogs is often caused by overfeeding them with bones. A veterinarian can help relieve the animal. Signs include straining without stool production, hard and dry stools, chronic vomiting. Convolution A bend or twisting of a tubular suture. Cornea The clear surface structure of the eye. One layer on the back of the cornea controls water metabolism of the eye. Corpse A dead body. Corpuscle Old references to red and white blood cells. Cortex The external layer of a structure or organ in the body. Corticosteroid Hormone secretion produced in the middle layer of the adrenal gland. Cortisol A hormone produced from the middle layer adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata). Cortisoid Binding Globulin Binds plasma cortisol to a globulin called transcortin. Cranium The bony part of the head or skull. Crisis A sudden change in a disease process where the disorder may cause death. Cryptorchid Partially descended testicles. Crystalluria Mineral products occurring in urine. Curettage The scraping away of materials from the body surface, structures, and bones. Cushing’s Disease Hyperadrenocorticism, also called Cushing’s Disease, occurs when too much cortisone is secreted from the adrenal glands. This results in a number of serious signs that include increased thirst and hair loss without itching. Cutaneous Pertaining to the skin. Cyst A walled-off area of tissue with a ‘secretory’ membrane (production of unnatural materials). This becomes a small lump in the skin that is freely moveable with concise borders. This may rupture on its own and then treated as an open sore. Cysticercus A cyst formed around a tapeworm larvae that occurs in unnatural places. Cystomy The opening of the bladder through surgery. Cytoplasma The substance occurring around the nucleus of a cell. Cytotoxicity A substance that causes damage to specific cells. Dacryocystitis Irritation of the lacrimal sac. Dandruff Flaking and shedding of skin in an abnormal manner. This can be a sign of an imbalance or also a sign of healing. Decalcify A loss of calcium in bony tissue. Declaw Surgical removal of the first join on each of a cat’s digits to remove their nails. Decongestant A chemical that reduces swelling in usually respiratory tissue. Degeneration The reduction of tissue mass due to circumstance or age. Dehydration The state of loss of fluid in body cells and blood stream. Dermatitis Irritation of the skin. Dermatosis Abnormality of the skin. Dewclaw A remnant of a ‘thumbnail’ on the front and rear paws in cats and dogs. If detached from the bone at birth. Diabetes Insipidus A lack or development of a lack of a pituitary hormone that is necessary for reclaiming water from the kidneys Diabetes Mellitus A lack or binding of insulin from the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. Most commonly seen in middle-aged to older dogs and cats. Dialysis Perfusion of intravenous fluids to help cleanse the kidneys and help reduce their abnormal function. Diaphragmatic A tear in the muscular membrane that divides the lung cavity from the abdominal cavity. Can be caused by trauma or genetics. Diarrhea Liquid-like condition of the feces. Diethylstilbestrol A synthetic type of estrogen. Digitalis A chemical that occurs in nature or is synthetic that causes the heart to contract more forcibly. Dipetalomena Larva with pointed tail that is often confused with heart worm larva. Dirofilaria Heart worm larva. Disc The fibrous elastic cushion that is found between vertebrae and helps absorb shock. It consists of a fibrous outside ring and a pulpy nucleus. Disinfectant A chemical that helps destroy bacteria and contaminants. Dissection The orderly removal of body parts. Distal Refers to the farthest structure. Distemper A virus that causes a pneumonia-like lung disorder that leads to brain disorders, trauma, and death. Distichiasis Relates to excess hair of the eyelids that grow inward, causing irritation and sometimes leading to conjunctivitis. Diuresis Excessive urination. Diuretic A chemical causing excessive urination. Diverticulum Usually refers to a pouch of the esophagus as it passes through the diaphragm.
Dorsal Anatomical word for the top of a structure (e.g., dorsal side of a torso). Dosage Refers to a pharmacological level of a chemical to be given to a patient for maximum effect with lowest risk of undesired outcome. Drainage Refers to fluid that leaves an open area. Duct A tubular structure leading from one organ to another. Ductus A fetal vesicle that helps bypass the lungs, from the heart to the aorta. Dysentery Loose and runny stool. Dysplasia Abnormal development of tissue. Dystocia Difficult birthing. Eclampsia During birth or thereafter, a lack of blood calcium that causes shaking and/or seizures. Ectropia A folding out of the eyelids causing irritation. Edema Excess fluid in tissue. Signs include a swollen area of skin. Ehrlichiosis A disease caused by a ricketsia. Electrocardiogram A measurement of electrical activity of the heart that also determines any cardiac interrupting between the atria and the ventricles. Electrocautery The use of electricity-heated wire to alter various tissues, used mainly to coagulate incised vessels. Electrolyte A chemical substance necessary to continue life that is found in the body and in nature. When ingested, electrolyte solutions dissolved and transform into electrically charged particles, capable of conducting sodium and potassium. Elizabethan collar A restraining collar designed to prevent an animal from licking and biting itself, usually used after a surgical procedure. Emascular A term used for crushing certain male spermatic structures to obtain testicular removal. Emetic A chemical that causes vomiting. Emphysema A fibrous condition of lung tissue disallowing oxygenation and breath. Empyema Refers to a build-up of pus in a body cavity. Enamel The hard white substance on the outside of the tooth. Encephalitis Irritation of the brain. Encephalomalacia Refers to a softening of the brain tissue. Endemic A disease that is fairly predictable in a population of animals. Endobronchial Refers to the internal lining of the airways in the lungs. Endocardic Refers to the membrane lining of the heart. Endocarditis Refers to an irritation of the lining of the heart. Endocrine Refers to the system of organs that secretes hormones. Endodontia Refers to the pulp cavity of a tooth. Endometritis An inflammation and production of purulent discharge due to infection. Endometrium Refers to the lining of the uterus. Endoscope An instrument that is used to help visualize body cavities and structures. Endoscopy The medical procedure for examining the digestive tract. Endothelium A layer of cells that line many internal structures and organs. Endotracheal Within the main air duct in the body. Enteritis An irritation of the small intestines. Enterotomy A surgical incision into the small intestines. Enterotoxemia A disorder produced by the bacteria in the small intestines that find their way into the blood stream. Entropion Entropion is a condition describing which the pet’s eyelids have rolled inward. This can lead to conjunctivitis and corneal lesions. Signs include closure of the eyes, plus excess tearing, red eyes, or white spots on the surface of the cornea. Enucleate The surgical removal of an eyeball. Enzyme A type of protein that enhances certain reactions to processes in the foods and nutrients. Eosinophil A type of white cell thought to block an allergic reaction. Epethelium A cell type that covers and lines many structures in the body. Epidermis The outer layer of the skin. Epididymis Tubular structure associated with the testicles. Epiglottis The tissue flap that opens and closes to protect the voice box and trachea. Epilepsy Convulsions, or epileptic seizures, are not uncommon in pets. These convulsions are caused by abnormal electric impulses in the brain, which then causes seizures. The less severe condition results in “petit or grand mal seizures. Epinephrine a hormone produced from the center of the adrenal gland. Epiphysis A cartilaginous disk residing at either end of a long bone. Epistaxis A nose bleed. Epizootic A medical effect caused in a limited population of animals due to a specific disease which may not be widespread. Epulis A non-0malignant gum mass. Equilibrium A balance between opposite forces or influences. It may refer to a chemical equilibrium, or a physical one. Equine Referring to horses. Erection Stiffening of the male sex organ for the purpose of reproduction. Erythema Inflammation or redness of the skin. Erythrocyte A red blood cell. Esophagitis irritation of the esophagus. Esophagus Tubular structure or intestine-like tissue that connects the mouth to the stomach. Estradiol Produced not only by the ovaries, but also adrenal cortex – inner layer – zona reticularis. It is the main estrogenic hormone when the animal is not pregnant. Estriole A metabolic product from estradiole and estrone. Often found in female urine as a high excretion product. Estrogen A protein hormone produced by the inner layers of the adrenal cortex and ovaries. It is a combination of estradiol, estriol, and estrone. Estrone Oxidized from estradiol and androstenedione. It occurs in greater concentrations in the pregnant animal. Estrus Heat cycle of a female. Excision Surgical removal of a portion of the anatomy. Excretion The passage of waste materials. Exophthalmos Refers to an eye that abnormally protrudes forward out of the socket. Exostosis Extra growth of abnormal bone. Expectorant A chemical that helps loosen respiratory secretions. Extensor Any muscle group that straightens a limb. External Ear Outer skin-covered cartilage structure. Exudative Relates to a secretion from a lesion. F.I.V. (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus) FIV is a virus that affects cats, often fatally so. Often called ‘kitty AIDS,’ the virus is thought to destroy the immune system of cats and makes them very susceptible to infection from other terms that they normally are not exposed to. Fascia The connective tissue sheets that cover muscles. Fasciculation Uncontrolled muscle spasm. Fecal Relating to the stool. Fecalith A rock-like structure made of stool that occurs in the intestinal tract. Feline Leukemia Notes with the acronym FeLV, it’s a disease that can be transmitted through saliva and urine. Leukemia can cause reproductive failure and autoimmune anemia. this virus may cause weight loss or death. Feline Referring to cats. Feminizing Production of female hormones occurring in males. Femur The bone in the upper leg. Fenestration Making an opening into a structure like bone. Fertilization The union of a sperm with an egg. Fetal Referring to the fetus. Fetus Unborn offspring. Fiber Optics Medical instrument that is tubular and allows for viewing internal organs. Fibrillation Uncontrolled spasms in the heart chamber. Fibrin A protein substance in serum that is necessary for the clotting of the blood. Fibrinogen A protein in the blood that is changed to fibria. Fibroma A non-malignant mass made out of connective tissue. Fibrosarcoma A malignant mass made of connective tissue. Fibula A small bone attached to the tibia in the lower leg. Filaria A small microscopic larva from a nematode. FIP Feline Infectious Peritonitis, inflammation of the peritoneum (membrous lining of the abdominal cavity). Signs include stiffness and pain when touching the abdomen, absence of feces, and fever. Fissure Valley-like structure in certain organs. Fixation The stabilization of an anatomical structure. Flank The area in front of the hips up to the last rib. Flatulence Gas production. Flea The flea is an insect that sustains itself by feeding on the blood of host animals. Flea infestation can lead to a host of health issues for pets. Generally, healthier and cleaner animals are less like to face flea infestation. Flexor Usually refers to any muscle that draws a limb into the body. Fluid A natural liquid occurring in the body. Fluorescence A type of dye used in the eye to identify fresh damage to the surface. Follicle Depression in an organ or cavity. Folliculitus Irritation of the structure that holds hair. Foramen An opening or hole in a bone. Foreign body An abnormal substance in the body. Fossa A concavity or depression in bone. Fracture Damage to a bone. Free Fatty Acids Substances that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from dietary sources that are not esterified . Funal Plant-like organism growing on or in the body. Fundus The part of a structure farthest from the head. Fusion Coalescing of structures normally not attached. Gall Bladder A saculation in the liver necessary for a portion of digestion. Gallop Abnormally fast heart rate. Gammopathy Over-production of antibodies by certain white blood cells. Ganglion A network or mass of nerves. Gangrene Devitalization of tissues; dead tissues. Gas Production of air from the digestive tract. Gastritis Irritation of the stomach. Gastropexy Suturing the greater curvation to the ventral abdominal cavity to avoid future bloat or gastric torsion. Gastrostomy Surgically opening the stomach. Genetic Refers to inherited traits. Medical Ice Age Genital Refers to the external sex organs. Genome Genetic picture carried by an animal or person. Germ Archaic term for a disease-causing micro-organism. Gestation The time needed to grow from embryo to birth. Giardia A protozoa-like organism causing chronic diarrhea. Gingivitis See periodontal disease. Gland An accumulation of cells producing protein-like substances called hormone. Glaucoma An increase in fluid in the eye, causing bulging and other effects like corneal ulcers and loss of vision. Globulin A protein antibody substance produced by one immuno cell. Glomerulonephritis Inflammation or irritation in the tubular structure of the kidneys. Glucocorticord Adrenal hormones, like cortisol, hydrocortisone, and corticosterone. Glucogen A protein-like substance produced by the pancreas to help increase blood glucose. Glucose A simple sugar that comes from glucogen and foods to feed cells. Glycogen A source of glucose stored in the liver. Goiter Usually an enlargement of the thyroid glands, often due to an iodine deficiency. Gonadotropic A protein-like substance that causes effects on the testicles. Granuloma A non-malignant growth made of fibrous tissue. Griseofulvin A derivative of penicillin mold that acts against external skin growth. Haemobartonella A microscopic organism that acts as a parasite on red blood cells. Halitosis Dental problems or poor digestion are the typical cause of halitosis, a more commonly called “bad breath.” If dental disease is ruled out, a veterinarian may recommend a special diet supplement or diet. Heart Block Loss of electricity in the heart that could stop function of the organ. Heart Failure Inability of the heart to function as a normal organ. Heartworm Heartworms are parasites (a parasite is an organism that lives off another animal or organism to survive). While heartworms are not themselves contagious, they are transmitted from animal to animal by mosquitos. Hemangiosarcoma A malignant tumor of the vascular system. Hematemesis A term describing the presence of blood in vomit. Hematinic Supplement that enhances the growth of blood cells. Hematocrit The measurement of red blood cells as compared to serum. Hematoma An accumulation of blood in an unnatural area of the body. Hematomyelia Abnormal blood flow into the spinal cord. Hematopoiesis Production of blood cells. Hematuria The presence of blood in the urine. Hemoglobin A protein associated with red blood cells for the transport of oxygen. Hemoglobinuria The presence of hemoglobin in urine. Hemolysis When red blood cells break up and are destroyed in serum. Hemophilia Often a genetic disease causing lack of blood clotting. Hemorrhage Uncontrolled bleeding. Heparin Anticoagulant. Hepatic Refers to the liver. Herbicide A chemical that is used to kill unwanted vegetation and foliage. Herbivore An animal that east only plant matter. Hereditary Inheriting certain genetic traits from the parents. Hermaphroditism The presence of both male and female sex organs. Hernia Abnormal passage of anatomical parts in the wrong tissue. A weak spot or other abnormal opening in a body wall permits part of an intestinal organ to move into an abnormal site. Herniation Refers to a disk in the spine that ruptures. Hip Dysplasia Hip dysplasia is a disease involving the ‘ball and socket’ joint of the hip, where the hind leg attaches to the pelvis. Symptoms of hip dysplasia can be related to arthritic changes that occur as a result of genetics. Histamine A chemical released from certain cells that cause capillary dilation. Histiocytoma A tumor made up of certain cells. Histocompatability A term to describe the agreeability of tissues from different animals to maintain a homeostasis (well-being). Histopathology The microscopic description of tissue anatomy. Hookworm A parasite with larva that penetrates the skin of hosts upon contact. Most often in dogs on skin that contacts the ground. Hormone A chemical protein acting as a messenger to body organs that have specific receptors. Hormones cause specific regulatory effects on those organs and are produced by other organs or body tissues. Humerus A bone in the upper arm that joins with the shoulder.
Hydrocephalus The lack of drainage of fluid. Hydronephrosis The increase in the size of the kidney due to lack of urine drainage. Hydrotherapy The use of water to help disease. Hygroma Accumulation of fluid in the purse that covers a joint. Hyperadrenocorticis Producing too much cortisol. Hyperesthesia Abnormal sensitivity that often relates to the nervous system. Hyperextension The over-angulation of a joint. Hypergammaglobulinemia Increased levels of antibody. Hyperglycemia Elevated blood glucose levels. Hyperkalemia Higher than normal potassium level. Hyperkeratosis Excess existence of callous materials on the skin, usually on foot pads. Hyperlipidemia Excess amount of fat in the blood. Hyperplasia Increase in size of tissue without the presence of a tumor. Hypersensitivity Over reactant. Hypertension Increased blood pressure. Hyperthermia Elevated body temperature. Hyperthyroidism In hyperthyroidism, which is more common in middle-aged to older pets, the thyroid gland enlarges as its functional tissue stretches beyond normal range. Hypertonic Refers to a solution more dense than water and other fluids. Hypertrophy Increase in the size of tissue. Hypervitaminosis The inserting of too high-level quantities of vitamins. Hypervolemia Too much fluid in the blood vessels. Hypoadrenalcorticis Under production of adrenal cortisol due to injury or trauma to the adrenal gland. Hypocalcium Low blood calcium. Hypochloremia Reduced levels of chloride. Hypoglycemia Low blood sugar. Signs include muscle weakness and lethargy. Hypokalemia Low blood potassium. Hyposensitization The process of reducing sensitivity, typically refers to allergens. Hypotension Low blood pressure. Hypothyroidism Low thyroid hormones. Hypoxia Reduced oxygen in the body. Hysterectomy Surgical removal of the uterus. Iatrogenic Adverse health condition caused by a doctor. Ileitis Irritation of the lower small intestine. Ileocecal Area of intestine between the lower intestine and colon. Immunization The process of developing protection by way of vaccines. Immunodeficiency A reduced state of antibody and cellular protection. Immunoglobulin A special protein produced by specific immune cells. Immunosuppressant A chemical or substance that reduces the protection in the body. Immunotherapy An alteration of the immune system with chemicals. Inbred Genetic breeding that is improperly related. Incision An opening in the body that is created with a scalpel. Inclusion Body An extra vacuole appearing in the cytoplasm of a cell. Incontinence Urinary incontinence occurs when an animal loses the ability to control its bladder to hold urine. Signs are when the animal urinates involuntarily, when awake or asleep. Causes include spaying, abnormal bladder position and estrogen imbalance. Indurated Tissue that is inflamed or swollen. Infarct An area of dead tissues, often relates to the heart. Infectious A disease that is passed from one organism to another. Infertility The loss of ability to create embryos. Inflammation Irritation and swelling of an anatomical structure. Inguinal Refers to the groin. Inspissated A secretion that has thickened. Insulin A hormone produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar. Insulinoma A benign tumor that produces insulin. Integument The skin. Intercellular Location between cells. Interdigital Refers to the area between the fingers or phalanges. Interstitial Spaces between tissue. Intradermal Within the skin. Intraosseous Region located inside the bone. Intravenous Area located inside the vein. Intussusception A telescoping of the intestine upon itself. Iridocyclitis Irritation of the iris or cilliary apparatus. Irritable Bowel Syndrome Irritable bowel syndrome is common and can be enhanced by diet, allergies, bacteria, or internal parasites. A primary symptom is diarrhea but occasionally results in vomiting as well. Isotonic Same density as water or serum. Jejunum Middle area of the small intestine. Keratinization Production of callous-like skin
Keratitis Sicca Keratitis sicca describes a condition involving a lack of tears to cleanse and lubricate the eyes. This can lead to conjunctivitis and corneal ulcers. Keratoconjunctivitis Irritation of the surface of the eye and white membrane of the eye. Keratopathy A degeneration of the cornea. Ketosis Increased amount of ketones in the body and blood stream. Knuckling Relates to stumbling and/or dragging the extremities. Labyrinth Bony canal connecting the inner ear. Lacrimal Refers to the tear-producing system of the eye. Lactation Production of milk from a mammary gland. Larva Immature form of an organism that is different in form and size. Laryngitis Inflammation of the membrane of the voice box, or larynx. Larynx A structure made of muscles and cartilage, located in the throat, that contains the vocal cords. Also called the voice box. Lavage Cleaning out an organ or cavity, like the stomach. Lesion A traumatic abnormality of tissue; including wounds, sores, ulcers. Leukopenia A reduction in the number of white blood cells. Levamisole A chemical substance used to eliminate intestinal and lung worms. Ligament A band of tissue that connects bones or cartilage. Ligature A material that is used during surgery to tie off the end of blood vessels, intestines etc. Limbic Pertaining to an edge or margin of a part of the body. Lingual Pertaining to the tongue. Lipemia An excess of fats in the blood. Lipid A kind of fat tissue. Lipoma A fatty non-malignant deposit that appears between the skin and muscles (subcutaneous). Liposarcoma A malignant fat cell tumor. Liver Large, dark-red organ in the abdomen that stores and filters blood, secretes bile, breaks down fats, develops serum proteins, detoxifies chemicals etc. Lobe A well-defined part of an organ or body part. Lobotomy A psychosurgical procedure in which nerve fibers are cut to separate a lobe of the brain and the thalamus. Local Pertaining to one spot; not general. Lubb A term used to symbolize the first beat of a heart’s cycle. Lumbar Refers to the lower portion of the vertebrae. Lungworm Any parasitic worm that inhabits the lungs of a host animal. Lupus Abbreviated ‘LE’, is an autoimmune disorder. Luxation Malposition of a skeletal structure. Lyme Disease A severe polyarthritis of digs. most commonly transmitted by certain ticks. Lymph A slightly yellow liquid contained in the lymphatic system of the body. Lymphadenitis Inflammation of lymph nodes, sometimes in indicator of disease. Lymphangitis Inflammation of a lymphatic vessel, sometimes an indicator of disease. Lymphocyte A type of white cell. Lymphoma A type of white blood cell malignancy. Lymphomatosis The presence of more than one lymphoma in the body. Lysine Naturally occurring amino acid. Lysis Destruction of a cell caused by a specific agent. Maceration Softening a solid material by soaking it. Macrophage A class of large white cells that are activated by inflammation. Macula An area or spot distinguished by color from its surrounding area. Malathion A commonly used insecticide for topical administering to animals. Malignant A term describing a progressively more severe affliction. Mandible the bone that forms the lower jaw. Mange A skin disease affecting domestic animals that can be caused by a hormonal antibody imbalance (demodex) or a contagious mange which is scabies. Mastitis An inflammation of the mammary gland. Maxilla One of the two bones that forms the upper jaw. Mebendazole A widely administered anthelmintic (anti-worm agent) that destroys gastrointestinal and lung worms. Meconium Developed in the full-term fetus, represents the first stools passed by the fetus. Medulla The inner part of an organ. Megacolon Enlargement of the colon often associated with chronic constipation. Megaesophagus Enlargement of the esophagus. Melanin A dark pigment located in the skin, hair, and certain nerve cells. Melanoma Malignancy of pigment producing cells, most common in dogs, cats and people. Membrane A thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. Meningitis Inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Meniscus A round, smooth structure; often refers to the cartilage in the knee. Mesentery A membrane that attaches organs to the body walls. Mesoderm The middle of three primary layers that make up an embryo’s structure. Mesogenic Describing a situation in which a parasite dominates a host and survives. Metabolism The combined physical and chemical processes in which an organism maintains homeostasis. Metastasis The transfer of a tumor from one organ to another. Metastasize Reflects the spread of a primary malignancy (a cancer). Metopic Pertaining to the forehead. Metritis Inflammation of the uterus. Microangiopathy A disorder associated with smaller blood vessels. Microbe A microorganism, often referring to a harmful bacterium. Microfilaria Larva of an adult worm found in the bloodstream; the larva are ingested by biting insects and transmitted to another permanent host. Microsomatic Describing a type of animal with a poor sense of smell. Mineral Corticord Aldosterone and desoxycorticosterone and small amounts of androgen. Mite A type of very small arthropod that are either free-living or parasitic on animals and plants. Mole A fleshy wart that may contain pigment. Molting The change in the feathers, skin, or fur of an animal. Monomeric Pertaining to a single part. Monorchid One undescended testicle. Motility Refers to the ability to move voluntarily. Mucus A slimy substance lining a mucous membrane. Murine Refers to mice or rates. Murmur An abnormal sound heard in the heart. Mutant A change in programmed genetic structure. Mutilation Removing or damaging an essential part of the body. Mycosis A disease that is caused by a fungus. Mydriasis Abnormal dilation of the eye’s pupil. Myectomy Cutting and removing a muscle or part of a muscle. Myelin The fatty substance surrounding nerve fibers. Myelitis I nflammation of the spinal cord. Myelopathy Describing any harmful disturbance of the functioning of the spinal cord. Myocardial Referring to the muscular tissue of the heart. Myocardiopathy Describing a non-inflammatory disease of the thickest layer of the heart. Myodysplasia Refers to an abnormal development of muscle tissue. Myoglobinuria Refers to the presence of globulin in the urine. Myopathy Any disease attacking muscle tissue. Myopia Short-sightedness. Myositis Inflammation of muscle tissue. Narcosis A temporary, drug-induced depressed state that affects the central nervous system. Nasal Pertaining to the nose. Necrocytosis The death and decay of cells. Nematode A roundworm. Neonatal The period of time immediately following birth. Neoplasia A type of uncontrolled tissue growth which can be malignant or not. Neoplasm A benign or malignant tumor. Nephrectomy Removing a kidney during surgery. Nephritis Inflammation of a kidney. Neural Referring to a nerve or nerves. Neuritis Inflammation of a nerve. Neuroaxonal A degenerative disease of the nerves found in dogs and cats and people. Neurogenic Pertaining to the nervous system. Neuroleptic Referring to a quality that modifies psychotic behavior.
Neurology The branch of science that studies the nervous system. Neuroma A tumor-like mass of nerve fibers. Neuropathy Referring to disturbances and disorders of the nervous system. Node A small mass of tissue, can be normal or abnormal. Nodule A node that can be felt by touch. Nystagmus An involuntary movement of the eyes. Obesity Excessive amount of fat in the body considered outside normal range. Obstruction Refers to a clogging of a structure. Ocular Pertaining to the eye. Oculomotor Pertaining to the movement of the eyeball. Odontopathy A disease affecting the teeth. Olfactory Pertaining to the system that provides the sense of smell. Omnivore An animal that eats both plant and animal matter. Onychectomy Also called ‘declawing,’ surgical removal of claw or nail. Onycholysis When a nail or claw loosens or separates from its bed. Oophorectomy Removing one or both ovaries, also called ovariectomy. Opthalmitis Inflammation of the eyeball. Optic Pertaining to the eye. Orbital Pertaining to the socket that holds the eye. Orchitis Inflammation of the testes. Organ A part of the body that works somewhat independently for a specific function. Orifice An opening of any body cavity that serves as an entrance or an exit. Orthopedics Surgery that address skeletal system functioning. Osmosis The passage of a solvent between two membranes. Ossification Transforming or forming bone or a bony substance. Osteitis Inflammation of the bone. Osteoarthritis See ‘arthritis.’ Osteochondritis Inflammation of bone and cartilage. Osteogenesis The development of bone. Osteoma A non-malignant tumor consisting of bony tissue. Osteopathy Any disease of a bone. Osteoporosis A condition in which there is a loss of bone matter. Osteotomy Cutting into bone tissue. Otic Pertaining to the ear. Otitis Inflammation of the ear. Ovarian Pertaining to an ovary. Ovary The female reproductive gland which produces eggs. Ovine Pertaining to sheep. Ovulation The process when the egg (ovum) is discharged into the follicle. Ovum The egg produced by the female. Palate The roof of the mouth. Palpable An easily ‘felt’ tissue (i.e., the doctor an feel it). Palpebral Pertaining to the eyelid. Pancreas A large gland in the abdomen that produces enzymes that assist in the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas. Panleukopenia Also known as feline distemper, feline panleukopenia is very contagious viral disease. It is not related to canine distemper. The signs of feline distemper include fever, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea and death if untreated. Panniculitis Inflammation or irritation of fatty tissues. Papilloma A benign wart. Paracentesis Refers to the surgical puncture of a cavity. Paralysis Partial or complete loss of motor function in a body part due to injury or trauma to neural or muscular mechanisms. Paraplegia When the hind limb(s) suffers paralysis. Parasite A plant or animal that lives on or within another organism that typically suffers in some way so the parasite can live. Paresis When there is partial paralysis. Parvo Virus Canine Parvo Virus can be a fatal disease, especially among young puppies. the highly infectious agent destroys the intestinal lining of affected dogs and causes them to vomit severely and have bloody diarrhea. Pathogen Any substance or organism that produces disease. Pectoral Pertaining to the chest. Periodontal Disease The general ailment known as Periodontal Disease, or Gum Disease, is very common in pets. Petit mal A mild seizure, often difficult to detect in animals. Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein. Phlyctena A small blister that is caused by a burn. Phrenic Pertaining to the diaphragm. Pilus A hair. Placenta An organ in mammals that connects the mother and the offspring that allows for the selective exchange of fluids and substances. Plexus A network of veins or nerves. Pneumonia An illness that causes inflammation of the lung. Pollakiuria Abnormally frequent urination. Prenatal Before birth. Progesterone A steroid hormone that is the primary hormone that helps prepare the body for pregnancy. Prognosis Predicting the direction and outcome of the course of a disease. Prostate Gland A secondary sex organ in a male animal that produces a fluid to provide sperm nutrition and mobility. Prostatitis An irritation (inflammation, infection, or enlargement) of the prostate gland. Prosthesis When a missing part of the body is replaced with an artificial substitute. Pruritis Itching, a symptom of many skin disorders. Puberty The time when an animal first becomes able to reproduce. Pulicicide A substance used in flea control. Pulmonary Pertaining to the lungs. Pupil The area in the middle of the eye that expands and constricts in order to control the amount of light that reaches the retina. Pupillary Pertaining to the eye’s pupil. Purulent The formation or presence of pus. Pus A liquid substance created as an inflammation product. It’s rich in protein and made of white blood cells and cellular debris matter. Pyocyst A cyst that contains pus. Pyorrhea A significant discharge of pus. Pyrectic Pertaining to fever. Quadriplegia Paralysis affecting all four limbs. Quarantine To be placed in a restricted area for observation. Rabies Rabies can cause severe illness and death in animals and humans alike. It’s a viral disease that can infect all mammal can be infected, but the susceptibility of species varies widely. Rachis The vertebral column. Receptor A molecule that recognizes and binds with chemicals and substances. Recess A small empty space. Recessive gene A gene that may be present but only recognized in the absence of a dominent gene. Rectal Pertaining to the rectum. Rectum The end of the large intestine. Recumbent describing an animal that is lying down and cannot rise on its own. Refusion The process in which blood is temporarily removed and then replaced. Regression Returning to a previous state. Regurgitation The backward flow of a liquid substance. Rejection When the body does not accept a treatment, organ or graft. Relapse When a disease returns after its apparent disappearance. Renal Pertaining to the kidney. Respiration The act of breathing via exchanging oxygen and carbon-dioxide. Retina The internal part of the eye onto which light is projected and received. Retinal Pertaining to the retina. Retinitis Inflammation of the retina. Retrices The long feathers on either side of the tail in domestic birds. Rhagades Fine cracks in the skin. Rhinitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose. Rhinogenous Occurring in the nose. Ricketts A calcium-deficient disease in juvenile animals caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D or phosphorous. Rima A crack. Rostrum The most forward part of the body (e.g., beak or snout). Roundworm A class of internal parasites that most commonly invade the gastrointestinal tract; appearing elongated, cylindrical, and migrate out of the intestines as a larva and reaches the lungs and is coughed up and swallowed as an adult. Runt An offspring that is smaller than average in size. Sacral A bone attaching the lower spine to the pelvis (hip bone). Saliva Produced by saliva glands in the mouth. Sarcoma A highly malignant tumor that can develop quickly and reside in muscle tissue. Sarcoptic Mange Also known as scabies, a very irritating skin ailment caused by a particular mite. Lesions lead to self-trauma that causes loss of hair. Scabies Also known as Sarcoptic Mange, a very irritating skin ailment caused by a particular mite. Lesions lead to self-trauma that cases loss of hair and skin. Scar A distinguishable mark that remains after healing. Scatoscopy Examining the feces. Sclera The white part of the eyeball. Scrotal Pertaining to the scrotum. Scrotum The pouch of skin and tissue that contains the testes. Sebaceous Pertaining to the glands that produce oil to lubricate the skin. Secretory Producing a liquid or fluid. Sedative An agent that calms the central nervous system to reduce its sensitivity. Seizure The sudden attack of a disease; often refers to convulsions in Epilepsy. Grand Mal and Petit Mal represent the most severe, and the least severe seizures. Semen The fluid that is discharged with the male ejaculation. Sensitization A process to reduce sensitivity of an organism to a foreign substance. Septicemia A disease spread widely within the body due to persistent harmful bacteria or virus. Septum A wall that divides a body space. Serotonin A hormone that helps with the transmission of nerve impulses. Serum The fluid that is left after solids have been removed. Sheath A tubular envelope surrounding different tissue. Shock A collapse of the vascular system. Shunt A passage between two natural channels that can occur physiologically or through surgical procedure. Sialitis Inflammation of a salivary gland. Sign A clinical observation of a disorder. Sinus A cavity or channel. Smegma A cheesy-like secretion from the foreskin of the penis. Sneeze An involuntary, sudden expulsion of air caused by an irritation of the nose. Spasm A sudden involuntary contraction or twitching of muscle tissue. Spasm A sudden involuntary contraction or twitching of muscle tissue. Sperm The male reproductive cell that maps genes and fertilizes the ovum. Sperm The male reproductive cell that maps genes and fertilizes the ovum. Sphincter A muscle that encircles a channel and closes or opens the channel. Sphincter A muscle that encircles a channel and closes or opens the channel. Sphygmic Pertaining to the pulse. Spinal Cord The part of the central nervous system that is contained in the spinal canal, protected by vertebrae. Spleen A large organ in the abdomen whose primary function is filtration. Splenic Pertaining to the spleen. Splenitis Inflammation of the spleen. Splint A stiff external support used in treatment of displaced or fractured bones. Spondylolisthesis Also called Wobbler Syndrome, a congenital conduction in which a cervical vertebrae is displaced. Most common in large breed dogs. Sputum Thick mucous secretion that is formed in the lungs. Squamous Cell Carcinoma Relatively common malignancy that arises from epithelial tissue. Stain A discoloration of the skin. Staining Use of artificial discoloration for enhanced ability to examine tissues, cells, or other microorganisms through a microscope. Stasis To stop the flow of fluid, blood, or intestinal contents. Steatitis Inflammation of fatty tissue. Steatorrhea A disorder in which excess fat is seen in the feces. Stenosis Reduction in diameter of an opening or tube. Sterilization A process to reduce or remove pathogens; also refers to rendering an animal incapable of reproduction. Sternal Pertaining to the sternum. Sternum The breastbone of an animal. Steroids Complex hormones that are important in many of the boy’s activities. Stertor Difficult breathing, often resulting in snoring. Stethoscope A medical instrument used to amplify the body’s sounds that relate to the heart, lungs and the abdomen. Stomach The muscular structure that aids in digestion. Stranguria Difficulty with urination. Stratum Sheets of tissue. Stria A streak or line. Subcutaneous Between the epidermis (top layer of skin) and the muscles Sublingual Under the tongue. Subluxation Partial loss of position of a bone at the joint. Suture Use of stitching to close a surgical or traumatic wound. Swelling The abnormal enlargement of an area or body part. Symbiosis When two separate entities work together. Symphysis A type of joint in which bones are firmly held by cartilage tissue. Syncope A temporary loss of consciousness. Syndrome A combination of clinical signs that are commonly seen when a medical effect occurs. Synovia The thick fluid inside joints that lubricates moving parts. Synthetic Artificial production. Systole The contraction of the heart during which blood is pushed into the atria. Tabescent Becoming emaciated. Tachycardia Abnormally fast heart rate. Tachyphagia Describing rapid eating. Tachypnea Abnormally fast breathing with short, shallow breaths. Tactile Referring to feeling or touch. Tapeworm A class of internal parasite that is elongated and somewhat flat. In most cases, tapeworms do not pose a serious health risk. Tartar A build-up of yellowish matter formed of calcium phosphate and carbonate that is deposited on teeth by saliva. Taurine An amino acid found only in animal products. Taurine is often required to avoid heart enlargement. Teat Nipple or Areoli. Tendinitis Inflammation of tendons. Tendon A strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Tenesmus Painful straining during defecation or urination. Testis The male gonad. Tetanus A potentially fatal disease caused by bacterial infection, most commonly following a traumatic injury. Causes muscle spasms. Tetracycline An antibiotic effective against many different microorganisms. Thalamus Part of the brain that functions as a relay station for synapses traveling into the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brainstem. Thermal Pertaining to heat. Thermogenesis Producing heat within the body. Thoracic Pertaining to the chest. Thorax The area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. Thrombus A collection of blood cells that cause obstruction. Tic An involuntary twitching of a muscle. Ticks A tick is an external parasite that feeds on the blood of pets. animals with regular time outdoors, especially in brush or high foliage, are most likely to be bitten by ticks. Toilet When a wound is cleaned and dressed. Tonic Restoring normal tone. Tonsil A small mass of tissue located in the throat and associated with a lymph node. Topical Pertaining to the outer part of a body. Tourniquet A tool, including make-shift, to control bleeding by pressing. Toxemia The weakened condition caused by the spread of bacteria in the blood. Toxic Poisonous. Toxicology The study of chemicals that cause illness in animals. Toxin A poisonous substance. Trachea The windpipe, an air passage from the larynx to the lungs. Tracheal Pertaining to the trachea. Tracheostomy Creating an opening to the trachea directly through the neck. Tract A long bundle of tissues or organs. Traction A pulling force to preserve proper positioning of a fractured bone. Trait A condition determined by genes; also used to describe a specific genetic defect. Transfusion Adding whole blood or blood components directly into the bloodstream. Transmissible The condition when a disease can be spread from one animal to another. Transplant To remove and replace tissue from within one body or into another. Trauma A type of injury, usually by an external force. Treatment The process of attempting to reduce or eliminate a patient’s disease. Tremor Repetitious twitching of a skeletal muscle. Trichomycosis Disease caused by fungi that affects the hair. Trichopathy Disease affecting the hair. Tricuspid Having three points. Trocar An instrument used to puncture a membrane and remove fluid or air. Trochlear Bony or fibrous structure that is shaped to accommodate tendons. Trombiculidiasis A type of dermatitis caused by a specific mite. Trophic Pertaining to nutrition. Truncal Pertaining to the trunk. Tubectomy To remove part of the uterine tube. Tuber A swell or a bulge. Tuberculosis A disease caused by bacteria called Myobacterium that case a variety of symptoms in different animals. Tuberosity A raised area. Tumor A growth of tissue with progressive development. Tunica A coating or covering. Tympanum Part of the cavity in the middle ear. Ulcer An area of erosion of tissue. Ulcers can occur externally or internally. Ulcerogenic Describing a stimulation or substance that causes ulcers. Ulotomy Cutting into scar tissue. Umbilicus The navel, or ‘belly button.’ Undershot Describing a lower jaw that juts farther forward than the upper jaw. Ungual Pertaining to the claws. Uremia An excessive amount of nitrogenous waste products in the blood stream due to kidney failure, also known as azotemia. Uresis The process of urination. Ureter The tubular structure that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. Ureteritis Inflammation of a ureter. Urethra The tubular structure that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior. Urethritis Inflammation of the urethra, caused by infection or trauma. Urinalysis The analysis of a urine sample, performed to identify any abnormalities. Urine Waste matter that is secreted by the kidneys, and stored in the bladder. Urolith Uroliths are also called bladder stones, which are formed when minerals clump together in the urine. Uterus A hollow organ in the female in which the fetus develops. Vaccination To administer a vaccine. Vaccine A small sample of specific microorganisms to stimulate the body’s immune system to produce protective antibody. Vagina The canal in the female that opens to the external genitalia. Valve A fold in a tubular structure that prevents a reverse flow of the moving material contained within the passage. Valvulitis Inflammation of a valve. Variant A tissue or organism that is distinctly different from the average specimen but still alike enough to be classified the same. Varix A swollen vein. Vas Deferens The duct that carries sperm from the testes to the urethra. Vas A vessel. Vascular Pertaining to blood vessels. Vasculitis Irritation or inflammation of a blood vessel. Vasectomy Removing part or all of the vas deferens. Vector A carrier of disease or infectious agent that transfers it from one host to another. Vein A blood vessel that carries de-oxygenated blood back to the heart. Venereal Caused or transmitted by sexual intercourse. Venom A poison produced by an animal for predation or self-defense. Venous Pertaining to the veins. Vent An opening. Ventricle A small cavity. Vesecotomy Cutting into the bladder, usually to redirect the flow of urine. Vesicle A small sac filled with liquid. Vessel Any tubular structure that carries a liquid. Vetebra A bone segment that is part of the spine. Villus A small protrusion. Viral Pertaining to a virus. Virus A small protein particle that may cause disease. Viscous Describing a liquid or liquid-like substance that is thick and/or sticky. Vital Necessary to live. Viviparous Giving birth to offspring that develop inside the female. Voluntary An intentional action. Vomiting In any case of persistent vomiting, take the animal to a veterinarian. If you believe that the vomiting was caused by a toxin or poison (e.g., a dog drank some detergent or a cat ate a toxic plant), rush the animal on for care. Vomitus The contents of the stomach that have been expelled during vomiting. Vulva The female’s external genital organs. Walleye Walleye refers to several conditions: Leukoma, when the cornea of the eye develops a white opacity; heterochromia iridis, where the iris becomes blue-white or pink-white. Wean To separate the offspring from nursing on the mother. Wheal A particular area on the skin afflicted with edema. Wobbler Syndrome Also called spondylolisthesis, a congenital condition in which a cervical vertebrae is displaced. most common in large breed dogs. Xenobiotic A substance that is not natural to an animals’ biological system. Pertaining to life. Zoodermic A process executed with the skin from another species of animal. Zygote The cell created when an ovum is fertilized by a sperm. TOP OF PAGE |